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Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1) - Cite This Source - Share This
phi·los·o·phy
Audio Help /fɪËlÉs É fi / Pronunciation Key - Show Spelled Pronunciation [fi- los -uh -fee ] Pronunciation Key - Show IPA Pronunciation ânoun, plural -phies. 1. the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct.
2. any of the three branches, namely natural philosophy, moral philosophy, and metaphysical philosophy, that are accepted as composing this study.
3. a system of philosophical doctrine: the philosophy of Spinoza.
4. the critical study of the basic principles and concepts of a particular branch of knowledge, esp. with a view to improving or reconstituting them: the philosophy of science.
5. a system of principles for guidance in practical affairs.
6. a philosophical attitude, as one of composure and calm in the presence of troubles or annoyances.
[Origin: 1250â1300; ME philosophie philosophia philosophÃa. See philo- , -sophy ]
Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1) Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.
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American Heritage Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This
phi·los·o·phy
Audio Help (fÄ-lÅs'É-fÄ) Pronunciation Key
n.
pl. phi·los·o·phies
Love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual means and moral self-discipline.
Investigation of the nature, causes, or principles of reality, knowledge, or values, based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods.
A system of thought based on or involving such inquiry: the philosophy of Hume.
The critical analysis of fundamental assumptions or beliefs.
The disciplines presented in university curriculums of science and the liberal arts, except medicine, law, and theology.
The discipline comprising logic, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, and epistemology.
A set of ideas or beliefs relating to a particular field or activity; an underlying theory: an original philosophy of advertising.
A system of values by which one lives: has an unusual philosophy of life.
[Middle English philosophie , from Old French, from Latin philosophia , from Greek philosophiÄ , from philosophos , lover of wisdom, philosopher ; see philosopher .]
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2006 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Online Etymology Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This
philosophy
1297, from O.Fr. filosofie (12c.), from L. philosophia, from Gk. philosophia "love of knowledge, wisdom," from philo- "loving" + sophia "knowledge, wisdom," from sophis "wise, learned." Nec quicquam aliud est philosophia, si interpretari velis, praeter studium sapientiae; sapientia autem est rerum divinarum et humanarum causarumque quibus eae res continentur scientia. [Cicero, "De Officiis" ]Meaning "system a person forms for conduct of life" is attested from 1771. Philosophize is attested from 1594.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2001 Douglas Harper
WordNet - Cite This Source - Share This
philosophy noun 1. a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school [syn: doctrine ] 2. the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics 3. any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation; "self-indulgence was his only philosophy"; "my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it"
WordNet® 3.0, © 2006 by Princeton University.
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) - Cite This Source - Share This
philosophy 1 [fiËlosÉfi] noun — plural phiËlosophies
the search for knowledge and truth, especially about the nature of man and his behaviour and beliefs Example: moral philosophy
Arabic: ÙÙÙÙسÙÙÙÙ
Chinese (Simplified): å²å¦
Chinese (Traditional): å²å¸
Czech: filozofie
Danish: filosofi
Dutch: wijsbegeerte
Estonian: filosoofia
Finnish: filosofia
French: philosophie
German: die Philosophie
Greek: ÏιλοÏοÏία
Hungarian: filozófia
Icelandic: heimspeki
Indonesian: filsafat
Italian: filosofia
Japanese: å²å¦
Latvian: filozofija
Lithuanian: filosofija
Norwegian: filosofi
Polish: filozofia
Portuguese (Brazil): filosofia
Portuguese (Portugal): filosofia
Romanian: filoÂsofie
Russian: ÑилоÑоÑиÑ
Slovak: filozofia
Slovenian: filozofija
Spanish: filosofÃa
Swedish: filosofi
Turkish: felsefe
philosophy 2 [fiËlosÉfi] noun
a particular system of philosophical theories Example: I have a very simple philosophy (=attitude to life) — enjoy life!
Arabic: ÙÙÙÙسÙÙÙØ© ØÙÙاÙ
Chinese (Simplified): å²å¦ä½ç³»ï¼äººçè§
Chinese (Traditional): å²å¸é«ç³»ï¼äººçè§
Czech: filozofie
Danish: filosofi; livssyn
Dutch: filosofie
Estonian: filosoofia
Finnish: elämänasenne
French: philosophie
German: die Weltanschauung
Greek: ÏιλοÏοÏία
Hungarian: életfilozófia
Icelandic: heimspeki
Indonesian: falsafah
Italian: filosofia
Japanese: 人ç観
Latvian: filozofija
Lithuanian: filosofija, požiÅ«ris į gyvenimÄ
Norwegian: livssyn, filosofi
Polish: filozofia
Portuguese (Brazil): filosofia
Portuguese (Portugal): filosofia
Romanian: filosofie
Russian: ÑилоÑоÑÑкий подÑ
од к жизни
Slovak: filozofia
Slovenian: filozofija
Spanish: filosofÃa
Swedish: filosofi
Turkish: düÅünce düzeni, felsefe
See also: philosophical, philosophic , philosopher , philosophize, philosophise
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version), © 2000-2006 K Dictionaries Ltd.
American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition - Cite This Source - Share This
philosophy A study that attempts to discover the fundamental principles of the sciences, the arts, and the world that the sciences and arts deal with; the word philosophy is from the Greek for âlove of wisdom.â Philosophy has many branches that explore principles of specific areas, such as knowledge ( epistemology ), reasoning ( logic ), being in general ( metaphysics ), beauty ( aesthetics ), and human conduct ( ethics ). Different approaches to philosophy are also called philosophies. ( See also epicureanism , existentialism , idealism , materialism , nihilism , pragmatism , stoicism , and utilitarianism .) [Chapter:] World Literature, Philosophy, and Religion
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Free On-line Dictionary of Computing - Cite This Source - Share This
philosophy See computer ethics , liar paradox , netiquette , proof .
The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, © 1993-2007 Denis Howe
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This
Philosophy Phi*los"o*pher\, n. [OE. philosophre, F. philosophe, L. philosophus, Gr. ?; ? loving + ? wise. Cf. Philosophy .] 1. One who philosophizes; one versed in, or devoted to, philosophy. Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoics, encountered him. --Acts xvii. 18. 2. One who reduces the principles of philosophy to practice in the conduct of life; one who lives according to the rules of practical wisdom; one who meets or regards all vicissitudes with calmness. 3. An alchemist. [Obs.] --Chaucer. Philosopher's stone , an imaginary stone which the alchemists formerly sought as instrument of converting the baser metals into gold.
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc.
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Wikipedia:
'' by Jacques-Louis David (1787). The painting depicts the philosopher Socrates
about to take poison hemlock.]]
'Philosophy' is the study of general problems concerning matters such as
existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and
language.[Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's]
Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems
which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with
the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human
purpose."[A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject]
(Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to
gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning,
mind, and value." Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of
addressing these questions (such as mysticism or mythology) by its critical,
generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument.[Anthony]
Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford
University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of
a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world
(metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology
or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value).
Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart,
from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of
proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of
the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics
replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational
and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion
to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less
success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by
argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone
governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or
moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in
rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved." The word
philosophy is of Ancient Greek origin: φιλοσοφία (philosophía),
meaning "love of wisdom."[[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-]
bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23111487 Philosophia,
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus]<-
ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=philosophy&searchmode=none
Online Etymology Dictionary][The definition of philosophy is:]
"1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical
analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the
nature of the universe".
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Shafer's philosophy as Syracuse's new defensive coordinator is to ...Syracuse, NY -- Syracuse head football coach Doug Marrone and assistant coach Scott Shafer pretty much stripped down their defensive philosophy in one word - attack. Exactly how that translates into playing football at Syracuse remains .....more...
The Philosophy of Loot Systems | Part Time DruidThere may not be another issue revolving around World of Warcraft than loot and its distribution. Once you get your character to max level, the only. ..more...
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meditations71: Philosophy for me: Boethius on the BeebThe programme broadcast on January 1st, on Boethius and 'The Consolation of Philosophy', was particularly enjoyable to me. In this episode, Bragg discusses philosophy as consolation with Roger Scruton (Institute for the Psychological .....more...
Latest Philosophy News
BBC News Search: philosophy (20)
Driver went wrong way in bag huntA doctor of philosophy who drove the wrong way on a dual carriageway looking for a bag is banned.
A philosophical approach to illnessWhen Havi Carel was diagnosed with a rare life threatening condition she turned to her philosophy training to help her cope.
Five-year-olds taught philosophyPrimary schoolchildren are asked questions about life, death and God in an east London state school.
China's thriving Confucian schoolsThe BBC's Jill McGivering finds the philosophy of the ancient sage Confucius making a tentative comeback in China.
Church praises Potter philosophyA Kent church is using Harry Potter to teach young people more about Christian values.
Philosophy for seven-year-oldsPrimary school children are facing the big questions that have troubled ancient Greek philosophers.
Libyans mark Gaddafi anniversaryLibyans are celebrating the 30th anniversary of their leader's "popular rule", Col Gaddafi's personal political philosophy.
Nursery pupils taught philosophyChildren as young as four are being taught philosophy in nursery in a bid to encourage good thinking.
God. Who knows?With religion increasingly polarised, is there any benefit in not knowing if there's a higher power? One man - an ex-vicar - explains why agnosticism is his creed.
In pictures: Turner Prize exhibitionThe work of the four nominees for this year's Turner Prize, including painting, sculpture, film and philosophy.
Philosophy and pragmatism drive celibacyThe BBC's Jan Repa examines the Catholic Church's commitment to priestly celibacy.
Overpaid, underworked and in charge"Fat cat" bosses are an example to us, and one reason why we should work harder, theorists suggest.
People's movement defines NepalThe people's movement to restore democracy in Nepal has defined the country, writes Gagan Thapa.
Does vocational equal employable?The BBC's education correspondent Mike Baker considers why broader academic degrees may be attracting fewer university applicants.
The Simpsons as philosophyWhy the Simpsons reveals truths about human nature that rival the observations of great philosophers from Plato to Kant.
In pictures: Turner Prize nomineesThe work of the four artists nominated for this year's Turner Prize includes painting, sculpture, film and philosophy.
Tory! Tory! Tory! (Part one)The first episode of a BBC documentary series tells the story of Thatcherism's early roots.
Debate over 'employable' degreesAn education minister says it is "no bad thing" if students are opting for vocational subjects.
Oaten kickstarts Lib Dem contestLiberal Democrat party members look likely to get a real choice between individuals and philosophies in the leadership race.
Family is cradle of respect in ItalyThe Italian philosophy of respect is based on strong mutual respect within the family, says Daniel Sandford
Linkego.com Philosophy Articles
Is Debt Settlement Really The Answer?Debt is a way of life for many Americans. Many people rack up the debt, without truly understanding the consequences of their actions. However, if you are drowning in debt, there are a variety of options to help reduce your debt. One option is debt settlement. The philosophy behind debt settlement is to reduce your overall debt so that you can actually pay off your debt a lot faster.
The job of a debt settlement company is to negotiate your debt with your creditors. The company helps to lowers the amount of debt you currently owe. In many instances, this is done by creditors agreeing to either reduce or remove the interest rate currently being paid. If there are late fee on your account, they will also remove those. In most instances, creditors are willing to go this route, versus going to court to try and recoup their money. They realize it will generally cost them more money, as well as time to go through the court system.
In most instances, debt settlement programs will be in place for 2-5 years, depending on the amount of debt you owe. The time is also dependent on the clients ability to make their monthly payments. If they are able to pay more each month, then your debt will be paid off quicker.
When enrolling in a debt settlement program, clients are taught how to avoid this type of situation in the future. After you are enrolled in a settlement program, you are solely responsible for making the agreed upon monthly payments.
When you enroll in a debt settlement program, it is important that you realize your credit score will drop. However, over time it will eventually get better as you pay off your debt. In reality, this is a small price to pay, if you are able to avoid harassing phone calls each day, as well as being able to avoid bankruptcy.
When looking for a debt settlement branch, it is important that you choose a legitimate one to work with. There are a variety of different branches out there. However, not all of them work the same. Therefore, it is important that you do your homework and check around with several different companies before picking on. You can ask family and friends for advice or check with the Better Business Bureau.
In many instances a debt settlement lawyer is needed if people have more than $25,000 in unsecured or credit card debts. Working with a lawyer is beneficial because he knows the law and your rights. Therefore, he can then work harder to get you an appropriate debt settlement agreement. If you are to the point of bankruptcy, then a debt settlement lawyer is definitely a wise choice to help you with your financial situation.
Although debt settlement may not be the ideal route to take, for many people it will help them avoid bankruptcy. While your credit rating will drop in the beginning, over time it will come back up as you pay off your debt. Before jumping into a debt settlement program, be sure to do your homework, so you know exactly what to expect.
Want To Teach Intelligent Design? Put It In A History ClassIn 1980, the Reagan Revolution meant not only a reconsideration of sex education, but also a reconsideration of the theory of evolution. Back then, the alternative theory was called creationism or scientific creationism; today it's called intelligent design. I am no scientist, but I have issues with teaching intelligent design as science.
Intelligent design revolves around the idea of an "intelligent designer," some unexplained force that created life, the earth or the universe. The idea of an intelligent designer is explained more thoroughly in history, philosophy and theology than in science.
I can understand why; when an unexplained force is used to explain science, the end-result is science fiction until scientists prove otherwise. That's their job, and they've done it very well. There's been considerable advancement on Darwin's theories, since his work, The Origins of Species was first published in 1857.
Until science provides an academic explanation of an "intelligent designer," I would consider intelligent design to be part of the history of scientific thought.
Just as societies once believed the planets in the Solar System revolved around the Earth.
Before Galileo proved otherwise, and he was tried as a heretic and placed under house arrest, because his scientific beliefs were in conflict with the Holy Scripture. The shame was that the Catholic Church did not express regret for their actions until 1992, 350 years after he died.
I do not know of a public school district in America that would not allow discussion of Galileo's trial to take place in a high school European history or world history class. I also have no doubt that such a discussion would show a defeat for science over the popular public opinion of the 17th century.
Just as I do not know of a public school district that would not allow discussion of the Scopes Trial in a high school American history class.
The Scopes Trial was a triumph of public opinion over science; the laws of the State of Tennessee in 1925 prevailed over the testimony of scientists' expert on evolution. John Thomas Scopes, the biology teacher on trial, was found guilty of breaking the law. He was not fired, only fined for his actions, although he never paid the fine and he never taught high school again.
It's interesting, in both cases science lost to religion under the laws, philosophy and theology of the times. A man's reputation suffered in the short term, past beliefs of a society remained challenged, but scientific inquiry moved forward.
That's the main lesson; science is about investigation, not about accepting gospel as the answer for the unexplained. We live in a time when we are asking for scientific advancement and more science educators, yet we find politicians who want to see a non-scientific explanation for human development taught in public school science classes.
That's confusing to me, is it confusing to you?
I can only hope those politicians, if elected to an executive chair, as governor or president, do not use evolutionary beliefs as a litmus test to appoint advisors or judges.
This would be a giant step backward for scientific inquiry, at a time we need it the most to provide thoughtful explanation and innovations to better manage natural resources and invigorate economies.
I have no issue with discussing intelligent design in the context of a history, philosophy or theology class; it has its place in those debates and there are many historical facts available for discussion. However, it should not be part of a science class, until it is proven as science.
I only hope the teachers fit Galileo's trial into that curriculum too.
It provides great lessons for conservative politicians to learn - on how not to treat science and scientific inquiry.
(Originally published at Educated Quest blog and reprinted with permission of the author, Stuart Nachbar).
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